Reuters
图中所示据报导是中国隐形战斗机，照片拍摄于1月7日，四川成都。
中
国军事专家驳斥了中国采用美国保密技术研发其最新隐形战机的说法，他们说，这种吸引国际社会再度关注中国军事进步的飞机是中国依赖自主创新开发的。自航空专家指出歼-20隐形战机原型机酷似美国F-22猛禽战斗机（F-22 Raptor）后，有关中国获取美国隐形技术的猜测就广为流传。F-22猛禽战斗机是目前世界唯一全面部署的隐形战机。双引擎的歼-20战斗机于两周前首次公开试飞，当时正值美国国防部长盖茨（Robert Gates）访华。
上周日，美联社(Associated Press)援引巴尔干半岛军官的话说，中国很可能是从一架被击落的美国F-117"夜鹰"战斗机残骸碎片中获得了部分隐形技术，1999年科索沃战争期间，一枚塞尔维亚防空导弹击落一架美国F-117战斗机，残骸碎片被中国特工获得。F-117"夜鹰"战斗机是美国第一架隐形战机。
周一，曾参与美国B-2隐形轰炸机开发的工程师诺希尔・葛瓦迪亚（Noshir Gowadia）被美国夏威夷法院判处32年监禁，因其向中国出售隐形导弹技术，这种技术可能被应用于战斗机。
葛瓦迪亚的儿子艾什顿・葛瓦迪亚（Ashton Gowadia）说，他父亲打算提出上诉。
中国专家否认中国通过间谍活动或F-117残骸获取美国技术的说法，他们说F-117战斗机的技术没有中国所研发的先进，但有些专家承认，中国可能使用了公开的原始资料。
中国人民解放军国防大学教授李大光说，中国完全有能力制造自己的隐形战机；我认为我们研发歼-20大部分是基于自己的研究，但同时也从现有的外国机型中进行了学习；许多国家已经掌握了隐形战机技术，隐形技术根本就没被看做是尖端或高度保密信息。
中国国防部和空军部队拒绝就报道内容置评，负责研发歼-20的中国航空工业集团公司以及歼-20测试地成都飞机设计研究所也拒绝置评。在一次例行新闻发布会上，当被问及上述有关报道时，外交部发言人洪磊说对相关信息并不知情。
现任和前任美国官员曾在2009年说，计算机间谍曾不断非法闯入美国最新一代隐形战机F-35的研发程序。前任官员说，当时他们认为这些攻击来自中国。北京方面表示从未参与过此类网络攻击。
中、美、俄隐形战斗机一览
美国F-117"夜鹰"战机秘密研发于上世纪70年代，1983年开始服役。尽管该战机不完全对雷达隐形，但它特殊的雷达吸波涂层使侦测极为困难。当年在塞尔维亚被击落的那架"夜鹰"是第一架被击中的隐形战机。2008年F-117退役。
美联社援引曾在科索沃战争中担任克罗地亚军方总参谋长的多马泽特洛绍将军(Davor Domazet-Loso)的话说，1999年的情报显示，中国特工在F-117被击落的地区来回搜寻，还从当地农民手里购买飞机残骸。
报道援引这位将军的话说：我们认为中国利用那些材料了解了隐形战机的技术秘密，并对这些材料进行了逆向开发。
F-117的部分残骸目前仍在贝尔格莱德的航空博物馆展出。
中国《航空知识》杂志副主编王亚南说，中国从F-117失事飞机的残骸中获取技术的言论毫无道理，因为F-117的技术早在1999年就过时了。
尽管如此，其他分析师却指出，有迹象表明中国对F-117感兴趣。《汉和防务评论》(Kanwa Defense)驻香港主编平可夫(Andrei Chang)说，中国在河南洛阳的航空研究所有一个F-117的比例模型。该刊物是一个有关军事活动的网络出版物。
平可夫在一封电邮声明中表示，他说的是2010年5月拍下F-117比例模型的一张卫星照片。
平可夫说，这是中国之所以能在极短的时间内研究出几种不同类型的隐形材料的根本原因。
美国B-2隐形战机目前仍被用作远程战略轰炸机，且从未被击落。这款隐形机于上世纪80年代研发、1988年首次亮相。
周一获刑、曾参与研制B2隐形战机的工程师葛瓦迪亚上世纪60年代从印度赴美国攻读研究生，大约十年后入籍美国。
葛瓦迪亚1968年至1986年在诺斯洛普公司(Northrop Corp.)公司工作时，曾参与设计B-2轰炸机的推进系统。该公司现在改名为诺斯洛普格拉曼公司(Northrop Grumman Corp.)。
葛瓦迪亚2005年被捕。美国檀香山一联邦陪审团发现，他因帮助中国设计巡航导弹排气喷嘴牟取了约11万美元。这个喷嘴排放的热量较少，可躲避红外雷达的探测和美国热追踪导弹。
葛瓦迪亚并未因协助中国歼-20项目受到指控，不过检察官的确说，他曾参观过中国西部的成都飞机设计研究所。歼-20试飞就是在该研究所进行。
然而航空专家指出，试飞的歼-20原型机排气喷嘴与众不同，似乎其设计初衷就是为了躲避红外雷达的探测而阻止排放过多热量。
Jeremy Page
（更新完成）
（本文版权归道琼斯公司所有，未经许可不得翻译或转载。）
Chinese military experts disputed that China obtained secret U.S. technology to develop its new stealth fighter, saying the country relied on homegrown innovation to produce a plane that has drawn new international attention to its military advances.
Speculation that China obtained U.S. stealth technology has been circulating since aviation experts noted that the J-20 stealth-fighter prototype looked like a larger version of the U.S. F-22 Raptor, currently the world's only fully operational stealth fighter. The twin-engine J-20 made its first public test flight two weeks ago during a visit to China by U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates.
On Sunday, the Associated Press quoted Balkan military officials saying China likely learned some of its stealth technology from pieces its agents obtained of the wreckage of a U.S. F-117 shot down by a Serbian anti-aircraft missile during the 1999 Kosovo war. The F-117 Nighthawk was the first U.S. stealth fighter.
Then, on Monday, a former U.S. B-2 stealth bomber engineer called Noshir Gowadia was sentenced by a U.S. court in Hawaii to 32 years in prison for selling stealth-missile technology with potential applications on fighter jets to China.
Mr. Gowadia's son, Ashton Gowadia, said his father plans to appeal.
The Chinese experts rejected the idea that China obtained American technology either from espionage or from the wreckage of the F-117岸which they said used less advanced technology than what China has developed岸although some acknowledged that China may have used publicly available source materials.
'China is completely capable of making its own stealth fighter jet,' said Li Daguang, a professor at the People's Liberation Army's National Defense University. 'I think we developed the J-20 largely on our own research, but at the same time learning from existing foreign models. Many countries have already possessed stealth-jet technology...stealth materials are not considered highly sophisticated or confidential at all.'
China's Defense Ministry and Air Force declined to comment on any of the reports, as did China Aviation Industry Corp., which is developing the J-20, and the Chengdu Aircraft and Design Institute, where it is being tested. Asked about the reports at a routine briefing, Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said 'I am not aware of relevant information.'
Current and former U.S. officials also said in 2009 that computer spies had repeatedly broken into the program to develop the F-35, the next generation of U.S. stealth fighter. The former officials said at the time they thought the attacks came from China. Beijing has denied involvement in such cyberattacks.
Song Xiaojun, a former naval officer who is now a military commentator for Chinese state television, attributed the reports that China appropriated its stealth technology to those who 'just envy and hate us for having developed the jet, for we made something they thought we'd never be able to make. I'm saying that I'm sure the technology is 100% Chinese.'
The F-117 was developed in secrecy in the 1970s and began service in 1983. It was not completely invisible to radar, but was very hard to detect because of its unique radar-absorbent coating. The one shot down over Serbia was the first to be hit. The F-117 was retired in 2008.
The AP quoted Adm. Davor Domazet-Loso, Croatia's military chief of staff during the Kosovo war, as saying intelligence reports in 1999 described Chinese agents 'criss-crossing' the region where the F-117 went down, and buying bits of wreckage from local farmers.
'We believe the Chinese used those materials to gain an insight into secret stealth technologies ... and to reverse-engineer them,' he was quoted as saying.
Parts of the F-117 are still exhibited at Belgrade's aviation museum.
Wang Yanan, associate editor-in-chief at China's Aerospace Knowledge magazine, said there was no point in China acquiring wreckage parts of the F-117, as its technology was already outdated in 1999.
Still, other analysts point to signs of Chinese interest in the F-117. Andrei Chang, the Hong Kong-based editor of Kanwa Defense, an online publication about military affairs, said China had also built a scale model of the F-117 at an aviation research institute in the city of Luoyang in Henan province.
He included in an emailed statement what he said was a satellite photograph of the F-117 model, taken in May 2010.
'This is the fundamental reason why it took China only a very short period of time to develop several types of stealth materials in Beijing,' he said.
The B-2, which was developed in the 1980s and first unveiled in 1988, is still used as a long-range strategic bomber and has never been shot down.
Mr. Gowadia─the former B-2 engineer sentenced Monday─moved from India to the U.S. for postgraduate work in the 1960s and became a U.S. citizen about a decade later.
He helped design the propulsion system for the B-2 when he worked at Northrop Corp., now known as Northrop Grumman Corp., between 1968 and 1986.
He was arrested in 2005. A federal jury in Honolulu found that he pocketed about $110,000 to help China design a cruise-missile exhaust nozzle that would give off less heat, allowing it to evade infrared radar detection and U.S. heat-seeking missiles.
He was not accused of assisting with the J-20 program, although prosecutors did say that he visited an aviation design facility in Chengdu, the western city where the stealth fighter has been tested.
However, aviation experts have noted that the J-20 prototype that made the test flight had unusual exhaust nozzles, which appear to be designed to prevent it from emitting enough heat to be detected by infrared radar.
Jeremy Page
Speculation that China obtained U.S. stealth technology has been circulating since aviation experts noted that the J-20 stealth-fighter prototype looked like a larger version of the U.S. F-22 Raptor, currently the world's only fully operational stealth fighter. The twin-engine J-20 made its first public test flight two weeks ago during a visit to China by U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates.
On Sunday, the Associated Press quoted Balkan military officials saying China likely learned some of its stealth technology from pieces its agents obtained of the wreckage of a U.S. F-117 shot down by a Serbian anti-aircraft missile during the 1999 Kosovo war. The F-117 Nighthawk was the first U.S. stealth fighter.
Then, on Monday, a former U.S. B-2 stealth bomber engineer called Noshir Gowadia was sentenced by a U.S. court in Hawaii to 32 years in prison for selling stealth-missile technology with potential applications on fighter jets to China.
Mr. Gowadia's son, Ashton Gowadia, said his father plans to appeal.
The Chinese experts rejected the idea that China obtained American technology either from espionage or from the wreckage of the F-117岸which they said used less advanced technology than what China has developed岸although some acknowledged that China may have used publicly available source materials.
'China is completely capable of making its own stealth fighter jet,' said Li Daguang, a professor at the People's Liberation Army's National Defense University. 'I think we developed the J-20 largely on our own research, but at the same time learning from existing foreign models. Many countries have already possessed stealth-jet technology...stealth materials are not considered highly sophisticated or confidential at all.'
China's Defense Ministry and Air Force declined to comment on any of the reports, as did China Aviation Industry Corp., which is developing the J-20, and the Chengdu Aircraft and Design Institute, where it is being tested. Asked about the reports at a routine briefing, Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said 'I am not aware of relevant information.'
Current and former U.S. officials also said in 2009 that computer spies had repeatedly broken into the program to develop the F-35, the next generation of U.S. stealth fighter. The former officials said at the time they thought the attacks came from China. Beijing has denied involvement in such cyberattacks.
Song Xiaojun, a former naval officer who is now a military commentator for Chinese state television, attributed the reports that China appropriated its stealth technology to those who 'just envy and hate us for having developed the jet, for we made something they thought we'd never be able to make. I'm saying that I'm sure the technology is 100% Chinese.'
The F-117 was developed in secrecy in the 1970s and began service in 1983. It was not completely invisible to radar, but was very hard to detect because of its unique radar-absorbent coating. The one shot down over Serbia was the first to be hit. The F-117 was retired in 2008.
The AP quoted Adm. Davor Domazet-Loso, Croatia's military chief of staff during the Kosovo war, as saying intelligence reports in 1999 described Chinese agents 'criss-crossing' the region where the F-117 went down, and buying bits of wreckage from local farmers.
'We believe the Chinese used those materials to gain an insight into secret stealth technologies ... and to reverse-engineer them,' he was quoted as saying.
Parts of the F-117 are still exhibited at Belgrade's aviation museum.
Wang Yanan, associate editor-in-chief at China's Aerospace Knowledge magazine, said there was no point in China acquiring wreckage parts of the F-117, as its technology was already outdated in 1999.
Still, other analysts point to signs of Chinese interest in the F-117. Andrei Chang, the Hong Kong-based editor of Kanwa Defense, an online publication about military affairs, said China had also built a scale model of the F-117 at an aviation research institute in the city of Luoyang in Henan province.
He included in an emailed statement what he said was a satellite photograph of the F-117 model, taken in May 2010.
'This is the fundamental reason why it took China only a very short period of time to develop several types of stealth materials in Beijing,' he said.
The B-2, which was developed in the 1980s and first unveiled in 1988, is still used as a long-range strategic bomber and has never been shot down.
Mr. Gowadia─the former B-2 engineer sentenced Monday─moved from India to the U.S. for postgraduate work in the 1960s and became a U.S. citizen about a decade later.
He helped design the propulsion system for the B-2 when he worked at Northrop Corp., now known as Northrop Grumman Corp., between 1968 and 1986.
He was arrested in 2005. A federal jury in Honolulu found that he pocketed about $110,000 to help China design a cruise-missile exhaust nozzle that would give off less heat, allowing it to evade infrared radar detection and U.S. heat-seeking missiles.
He was not accused of assisting with the J-20 program, although prosecutors did say that he visited an aviation design facility in Chengdu, the western city where the stealth fighter has been tested.
However, aviation experts have noted that the J-20 prototype that made the test flight had unusual exhaust nozzles, which appear to be designed to prevent it from emitting enough heat to be detected by infrared radar.
Jeremy Page
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